[RL9] Rocky Linux 9.2 升级 9.3，及新特性实践

[RL9] Rocky Linux 9.2 升级 9.3，及新特性实践

ShawnYan Lv.6
  2023-11-17 12:07:36 2023-11-17 12:07:36 Created   2024-06-15 23:00 2024-06-15 23:00 Updated      3.2k Words  17 Mins  
rocky-linux.png

发版计划

前面介绍了如何安装和升级 Rocky Linux 9.2 操作系统，按照 RHEL 的发版计划，RHEL 9.3 已于 11 月 7 日发版，而 Rocky Linux 作为 RHEL 的下游，也于近日发布更新。

先来回顾一下 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Version 9 的生命周期。
依据官网说明，RHEL 9 每六个月发版一次，9.3 于 23 年 11 月发版，9.4 将在 24 年 2 月发布。
已发布的版本信息如下：

发布版本 GA 日期 内核版本
RHEL 9.3 2023-11-07 5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3
RHEL 9.2 2023-05-10 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
RHEL 9.1 2022-11-15 5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1
RHEL 9.0 2022-05-17 5.14.0-70.13.1.el9_0
rhel9lifecycle.png

升级到 Rocky 9.3

这里使用 dnf 在线升级，如果是内网用户，建议先查验 yum 源是否已更新。如果没有中央 yum 源，可以下载最新的 Rocky Linux 9.3 镜像，手动挂载，并配置本地 yum 源，然后再进行升级。

  1. 检查当前的 Release 版本和 Kernel 版本。
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cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a

输出：

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
Rocky Linux release 9.2 (Blue Onyx)
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ uname -a
Linux rocky9.shawnyan.cn 5.14.0-284.30.1.el9_2.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Sat Sep 16 09:55:41 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$
  1. 在线升级。
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dnf -y upgrade

输出日志：

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ sudo dnf -y upgrade --allowerasing
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:19 ago on Tue 21 Nov 2023 01:33:19 PM UTC.
Dependencies resolved.                                              
==============================================================================================================================================
 Package                                       Architecture          Version                     Repository                              Size
==============================================================================================================================================
Installing:                                                                                                   
 kernel                                        x86_64                5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3        baseos                                 5.1 M
Upgrading:                                                                                                    
 NetworkManager                                x86_64                1:1.44.0-3.el9              baseos                                 2.2 M
 NetworkManager-adsl                           x86_64                1:1.44.0-3.el9              baseos                                  36 k
...                                                                                                           
 gcc                                           x86_64                11.4.1-2.1.el9              appstream                               32 M
 gcc-c++                                       x86_64                11.4.1-2.1.el9              appstream                               13 M
 gcc-plugin-annobin                            x86_64                11.4.1-2.1.el9              appstream                               48 k
 gcc-toolset-12-binutils                       x86_64                2.38-19.el9                 appstream                              5.4 M
 gcc-toolset-12-binutils-gold                  x86_64                2.38-19.el9                 appstream                              771 k
 gdb                                           x86_64                10.2-11.el9                 appstream                              121 k
 gdb-headless                                  x86_64                10.2-11.el9                 appstream                              3.9 M
...                                                                                                           
 iproute                                       x86_64                6.2.0-5.el9                 baseos                                 786 k
 iproute-tc                                    x86_64                6.2.0-5.el9                 baseos                                 448 k
...                                                                                                           
 kernel-headers                                x86_64                5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3        appstream                              6.5 M
 kernel-srpm-macros                            noarch                1.0-13.el9                  appstream                               15 k
 kernel-tools                                  x86_64                5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3        baseos                                 5.3 M
 kernel-tools-libs                             x86_64                5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3        baseos                                 5.1 M
...                                                                                                           
 rocky-backgrounds                             noarch                90.14-2.el9                 appstream                               61 M
 rocky-gpg-keys                                noarch                9.3-1.1.el9                 baseos                                  13 k
 rocky-logos                                   x86_64                90.14-2.el9                 appstream                              715 k
 rocky-release                                 noarch                9.3-1.1.el9                 baseos                                  23 k
 rocky-repos                                   noarch                9.3-1.1.el9                 baseos                                  13 k
...                                                                                                           
Installing dependencies:                                                                                      
 debugedit                                     x86_64                5.0-4.el9                   appstream                               76 k
 kbd-legacy                                    noarch                2.4.0-9.el9                 baseos                                 502 k
 kernel-core                                   x86_64                5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3        baseos                                  20 M
 kernel-modules                                x86_64                5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3        baseos                                  37 M
 kernel-modules-core                           x86_64                5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3        baseos                                  32 M
 libtraceevent                                 x86_64                1.5.3-3.el9                 baseos                                 213 k
 liburing                                      x86_64                2.3-2.el9                   appstream                               26 k
 libxcvt                                       x86_64                0.1.2-2.el9                 appstream                               13 k
Installing weak dependencies:                                                                                 
 kernel-devel                                  x86_64                5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3        appstream                               20 M
Removing dependent packages:                                                                                  
 libstdc++-static                              x86_64                11.3.1-4.3.el9              @devel                                 6.5 M
 libtirpc-devel                                x86_64                1.3.3-1.el9                 @devel                                 251 k
                                                                                                              
Transaction Summary                                                                                           
==============================================================================================================================================
Install   10 Packages                                                                                         
Upgrade  459 Packages                                                                                         
Remove     2 Packages                                                                                         
                                                                                                              
Total download size: 1.1 G                                                                                    
...                                                                                                           
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                                                         2.5 MB/s | 1.1 GB     07:11
Running transaction check                                           
Transaction check succeeded.                                           
Running transaction test                                               
Transaction test succeeded.                                            
Running transaction                                                    
  Running scriptlet: selinux-policy-targeted-38.1.23-1.el9.noarch                                                                         1/1
  Running scriptlet: kmod-kvdo-8.2.1.6-98.el9.x86_64                                                                                      1/1
  Preparing        :                                                                                                                      1/1
  Upgrading        : libgcc-11.4.1-2.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                       1/930
  Running scriptlet: libgcc-11.4.1-2.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                       1/930
...
20231121_140107.png

受系统资源和网速的影响，整个升级过程约半小时。

  1. 升级后查验。

升级完成后，再次查看版本信息。

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cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a

输出：

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
Rocky Linux release 9.3 (Blue Onyx)
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ uname -a
Linux rocky9.shawnyan.cn 5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Wed Nov 8 17:36:32 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$

主要更新

Kernel 内核版本

上文的表格中已经标记了 RHEL 的内核版本，Rocky Linux 与 RHEL 保持一致，在 Rocky 9.2 中是 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2。

我本地环境升级过，所以小版本号略高一点：

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ uname -r
5.14.0-284.30.1.el9_2.x86_64

而在 Rocky 9.3 中，默认的内核版本升级为 5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3。

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ uname -r
5.14.0-362.8.1.el9_3.x86_64

编译工具 GCC

GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) 提供了使用C、c++ 和 Fortran 编程语言开发应用程序的工具。

在 Rocky 9.2 中，GCC 工具的版本默认为 11.3.1。同时，可以通过安装 gcc-toolset 将其版本升级到 12。

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 11.3.1 20221121 (Red Hat 11.3.1-4)
Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ rpm -qa | grep gcc-toolset
gcc-toolset-12-runtime-12.0-6.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-12-annobin-docs-11.08-2.el9.noarch
gcc-toolset-12-libstdc++-devel-12.2.1-7.4.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-12-binutils-gold-2.38-17.el9_2.1.x86_64
gcc-toolset-12-binutils-2.38-17.el9_2.1.x86_64
gcc-toolset-12-gcc-12.2.1-7.4.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-12-gcc-c++-12.2.1-7.4.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-12-annobin-plugin-gcc-11.08-2.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-12-annobin-annocheck-11.08-2.el9.x86_64
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ scl enable gcc-toolset-12 bash
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 12.2.1 20221121 (Red Hat 12.2.1-7)
Copyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

在 Rocky 9.3 中，GCC 版本升级到了 11.4.1。

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20230605 (Red Hat 11.4.1-2)
Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ rpm -qa | grep gcc-toolset

同时，可以通过安装 gcc-toolset 将其版本升级到 13。

  • 安装 GCC Toolset 13
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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ sudo dnf install gcc-toolset-13
Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:04 ago on Tue 21 Nov 2023 02:06:55 PM UTC.
Dependencies resolved.
=========================================================================================================================
 Package                                       Architecture       Version                    Repository             Size
=========================================================================================================================
Installing:
 gcc-toolset-13                                x86_64             13.0-2.el9                 appstream             9.9 k
Installing dependencies:
 gcc-toolset-13-annobin-docs                   noarch             12.20-1.el9                appstream              95 k
 gcc-toolset-13-annobin-plugin-gcc             x86_64             12.20-1.el9                appstream             960 k
 gcc-toolset-13-binutils                       x86_64             2.40-13.el9                appstream             5.6 M
 gcc-toolset-13-binutils-gold                  x86_64             2.40-13.el9                appstream             803 k
 gcc-toolset-13-dwz                            x86_64             0.14-0.el9                 appstream             126 k
 gcc-toolset-13-gcc                            x86_64             13.1.1-4.2.el9             appstream              43 M
 gcc-toolset-13-gcc-c++                        x86_64             13.1.1-4.2.el9             appstream              13 M
 gcc-toolset-13-gcc-gfortran                   x86_64             13.1.1-4.2.el9             appstream              14 M
 gcc-toolset-13-gdb                            x86_64             12.1-3.el9                 appstream             4.3 M
 gcc-toolset-13-libquadmath-devel              x86_64             13.1.1-4.2.el9             appstream             185 k
 gcc-toolset-13-libstdc++-devel                x86_64             13.1.1-4.2.el9             appstream             3.3 M
 gcc-toolset-13-runtime                        x86_64             13.0-2.el9                 appstream              27 k
 libgfortran                                   x86_64             11.4.1-2.1.el9             baseos                807 k
 libquadmath                                   x86_64             11.4.1-2.1.el9             baseos                197 k

Transaction Summary
=========================================================================================================================
Install  15 Packages

Total download size: 87 M
Installed size: 255 M
...
Installed:
  gcc-toolset-13-13.0-2.el9.x86_64                             gcc-toolset-13-annobin-docs-12.20-1.el9.noarch
  gcc-toolset-13-annobin-plugin-gcc-12.20-1.el9.x86_64         gcc-toolset-13-binutils-2.40-13.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-binutils-gold-2.40-13.el9.x86_64              gcc-toolset-13-dwz-0.14-0.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-gcc-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64                     gcc-toolset-13-gcc-c++-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-gcc-gfortran-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64            gcc-toolset-13-gdb-12.1-3.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-libquadmath-devel-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64       gcc-toolset-13-libstdc++-devel-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-runtime-13.0-2.el9.x86_64                     libgfortran-11.4.1-2.1.el9.x86_64
  libquadmath-11.4.1-2.1.el9.x86_64

Complete!
Installed:
  gcc-toolset-13-13.0-2.el9.x86_64                             gcc-toolset-13-annobin-docs-12.20-1.el9.noarch
  gcc-toolset-13-annobin-plugin-gcc-12.20-1.el9.x86_64         gcc-toolset-13-binutils-2.40-13.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-binutils-gold-2.40-13.el9.x86_64              gcc-toolset-13-dwz-0.14-0.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-gcc-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64                     gcc-toolset-13-gcc-c++-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-gcc-gfortran-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64            gcc-toolset-13-gdb-12.1-3.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-libquadmath-devel-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64       gcc-toolset-13-libstdc++-devel-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
  gcc-toolset-13-runtime-13.0-2.el9.x86_64                     libgfortran-11.4.1-2.1.el9.x86_64
  libquadmath-11.4.1-2.1.el9.x86_64

Complete!
  • 查看 GCC Toolset 13 安装包
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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ rpm -qa | grep gcc-toolset-13
gcc-toolset-13-runtime-13.0-2.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-libstdc++-devel-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-annobin-docs-12.20-1.el9.noarch
gcc-toolset-13-binutils-gold-2.40-13.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-binutils-2.40-13.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-gcc-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-libquadmath-devel-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-gcc-gfortran-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-gcc-c++-13.1.1-4.2.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-annobin-plugin-gcc-12.20-1.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-gdb-12.1-3.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-dwz-0.14-0.el9.x86_64
gcc-toolset-13-13.0-2.el9.x86_64
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$
  • 运行会话，查看 gcc 版本
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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ scl enable gcc-toolset-13 bash
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 13.1.1 20230614 (Red Hat 13.1.1-4)
Copyright (C) 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$

Java 运行环境

在 Rocky 9.2 中，appstream 仓库中包含 OpenJDK 1.8.0/11/17 三个版本。

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
Rocky Linux release 9.2 (Blue Onyx)
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ yum list java-*-openjdk
Last metadata expiration check: 4 days, 18:16:06 ago on Sat 11 Nov 2023 08:35:35 PM UTC.
Available Packages
java-1.8.0-openjdk.x86_64       1:1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9               appstream
java-11-openjdk.x86_64          1:11.0.21.0.9-2.el9                 appstream
java-17-openjdk.x86_64          1:17.0.9.0.9-2.el9                  appstream

而在 Rocky 9.3 中，appstream 仓库新增包含了 OpenJDK 21。

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
Rocky Linux release 9.3 (Blue Onyx)
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ yum list java-*-openjdk
Rocky Linux 9 - AppStream                                                                5.4 MB/s | 7.4 MB     00:01
Rocky Linux 9 - BaseOS                                                                   2.5 MB/s | 2.2 MB     00:00
Rocky Linux 9 - Extras                                                                    30 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
Available Packages
java-1.8.0-openjdk.x86_64                              1:1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9                                  appstream
java-11-openjdk.x86_64                                 1:11.0.21.0.9-2.el9                                    appstream
java-17-openjdk.x86_64                                 1:17.0.9.0.9-2.el9                                     appstream
java-21-openjdk.x86_64                                 1:21.0.1.0.12-3.el9                                    appstream
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$

DBMS 数据库

在 Rocky 9.2 中，默认提供四种数据库： MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13/15, Redis 6。

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
Rocky Linux release 9.2 (Blue Onyx)
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ yum list mariadb-server*
Last metadata expiration check: 5 days, 12:24:51 ago on Sat 11 Nov 2023 08:35:35 PM UTC.
Available Packages
mariadb-server.x86_64                                        3:10.5.22-1.el9_2                                  appstream
mariadb-server-galera.x86_64                                 3:10.5.22-1.el9_2                                  appstream
mariadb-server-utils.x86_64                                  3:10.5.22-1.el9_2                                  appstream
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ yum list mysql-server*
Last metadata expiration check: 5 days, 12:24:53 ago on Sat 11 Nov 2023 08:35:35 PM UTC.
Available Packages
mysql-server.x86_64                                       8.0.32-1.el9_2                                        appstream
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ yum list postgresql-server*
Last metadata expiration check: 5 days, 12:24:58 ago on Sat 11 Nov 2023 08:35:35 PM UTC.
Available Packages
postgresql-server.x86_64                                        13.11-1.el9_2                                   appstream
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ dnf list redis
Last metadata expiration check: 5 days, 13:58:28 ago on Sat 11 Nov 2023 08:35:35 PM UTC.
Available Packages
redis.x86_64                                            6.2.7-1.el9                                             appstream
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$

升级到 Rocky 9.3 之后，由于时间关系，这四种准预装的数据库版本尚未更新。这里暂且留个 TODO，我们之后再看。

此外，从 RHEL 9.2 开始，引入了 postgresql:15 模块流，可以通过以下方式进行安装 PG15.

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:15/server
Last metadata expiration check: 2:39:51 ago on Fri 17 Nov 2023 07:07:33 AM UTC.
Dependencies resolved.
=========================================================================================================================
 Package                          Architecture    Version                                       Repository          Size
=========================================================================================================================
Installing group/module packages:
 postgresql-server                x86_64          15.3-1.module+el9.2.0+14925+a515b28a          appstream          6.1 M
Installing dependencies:
 postgresql                       x86_64          15.3-1.module+el9.2.0+14925+a515b28a          appstream          1.6 M
 postgresql-private-libs          x86_64          15.3-1.module+el9.2.0+14925+a515b28a          appstream          137 k
Installing module profiles:
 postgresql/server
Enabling module streams:
 postgresql                                       15

Transaction Summary
=========================================================================================================================
Install  3 Packages

Total download size: 7.8 M
Installed size: 32 M

iproute

iproute 是高级IP路由和网络设备配置工具，包括常用的网络，如 ip, ss, tc 等。

在 Rocky 9.2 中，iproute 的版本为 6.1.0。

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
Rocky Linux release 9.2 (Blue Onyx)
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ rpm -qa | grep iproute
iproute-6.1.0-1.el9.x86_64
iproute-tc-6.1.0-1.el9.x86_64
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$

升级到 Rocky 9.3 后，iproute 的版本为 6.2.0。

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
Rocky Linux release 9.3 (Blue Onyx)
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ rpm -qa | grep iproute
iproute-6.2.0-5.el9.x86_64
iproute-tc-6.2.0-5.el9.x86_64
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$

这里介绍一个新命令，ip stats，可以管理、显示接口状态信息，默认显示所有网络设备，包括 bridges 和 bonds，也可以通过 dev 和 group 过滤信息。

例如：

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[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$ ip stats show dev ens33
2: ens33: group offload subgroup hw_stats_info
    l3_stats off used off
2: ens33: group xstats_slave subgroup bond suite 802.3ad
2: ens33: group xstats_slave subgroup bridge suite mcast
2: ens33: group xstats_slave subgroup bridge suite stp
2: ens33: group xstats subgroup bond suite 802.3ad
2: ens33: group xstats subgroup bridge suite mcast
2: ens33: group xstats subgroup bridge suite stp
2: ens33: group afstats subgroup mpls
2: ens33: group offload subgroup l3_stats off used off
2: ens33: group offload subgroup cpu_hit

2: ens33: group link
    RX:  bytes packets errors dropped  missed   mcast
     137826417   94630      0       0       0       0
    TX:  bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns
       2292768   36535      0       0       0       0
[shawnyan@rocky9 ~]$

总结

本文演示了如何将 Rocky Linux 9.2 升级到 9.3，并着重介绍了几点值得一看的新特性。

Rocky Linux 9.3 是 23 年发行的第二个大版本，相信已经有企业将 Rocky 9 用于生产环境。

关于 Rocky 9 的更多分享，还将继续。

– / END / –

  • Title: [RL9] Rocky Linux 9.2 升级 9.3，及新特性实践
  • Author: ShawnYan
  • Created at: 2023-11-17 12:07:36
  • Updated at: 2024-06-15 23:00:00
  • Link: https://shawnyan.cn/2023/linux/rocky-9.3-upgrade-from-9.2/
  • License: This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
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if (hexo-config('comment.enable') == true && hexo-config('comment.system') != "") { if (hexo-config('comment.system') == "waline") { @require "./waline.styl" } else if (hexo-config('comment.system') == "gitalk") { @require "./gitalk.styl" } else if (hexo-config('comment.system') == "twikoo") { @require "./twikoo.styl" } } .comments-container display inline-block margin-top $spacing-unit width 100% #comment-anchor width 100% height 10px .comment-area-title width 100% margin 10px 0 font-size 1.38rem color var(--default-text-color) font-family 'Consolas', '宋体', sans-serif font-weight bold i color var(--default-text-color) +redefine-tablet() margin 5px 0 font-size 1.2rem
On this page
  1. 发版计划
  2. 升级到 Rocky 9.3
  3. 主要更新
    1. Kernel 内核版本
    2. 编译工具 GCC
    3. Java 运行环境
    4. DBMS 数据库
    5. iproute
  4. 总结